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Identifikators:327123
 
Autors:
Vērtējums:
Publicēts: 31.05.2016.
Valoda: Angļu
Līmenis: Augstskolas
Literatūras saraksts: 56 vienības
Atsauces: Nav
SatursAizvērt
Nr. Sadaļas nosaukums  Lpp.
  Introduction    1
  Chapter 1: Emergence and economic rationale of organised crime    3
  Overview    3
  Emergence of organised crime    3
  Economics of organised crime    4
  Economic consequences of organised crime    5
  Chapter 2: The emergence of the Russian Mafia    7
  Overview    7
  Lawlessness and the Russian Mafia    11
  Crisis of the State – from planned economy to ‘virtual economy’    11
  Property rights and privatization    12
  Internationalisation    15
  Contract enforcements    16
  Other issues    18
  Chapter 3: Provision of protection in Russia    19
  Overview    19
  Arbitrazh courts    19
  Private security firms    21
  Privately sold state protection    22
  Mafia protection    23
  Extortion    24
  Predatory operations    24
  Genuine protection    25
  Contract enforcements    26
  Conclusions    27
  Bibliography    29
  References in English    29
  References in Russian    34
Darba fragmentsAizvērt

Conclusions
It is noted that political and economic changes create favourable environment for organised crime to thrive. The statement is applicable to the case of Russia as well. Political and economic inefficiencies that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 followed by complicated and late transition to the market created incentives and opportunities for organised crime to emerge (Varese, 2001).
The Russian Mafia is known to provide various goods and services including but not limited to smuggling of illegal goods, drug trafficking and money laundering (Serio, 2008); yet, the most significant activities are provision of protection and extortion (Varese, 2001). Numerous authors including Kumar and Skaperdas (2008) identify provision of protection as a fundamental activity of most organised criminal groups. Just like any legal businesses require protection so do illegal businesses and operations which cannot be protected by legal institutions. Analysing the Russian Mafia in context of protection it was identified that organised criminals provide protection not only to participants of shadow economy but also to legal businesses. Varese (2001) emphasizes that this was possible because of the flaws in privatization that took place in the beginning of the 1990s. Property rights were weakly defined and lacked enforcements. Moreover, contract enforcements were poor noting that even though Arbitrazh courts were able to solve cases turned to them the enforcement of court rulings was below efficient.
Literature suggests that organised crime in Russia emerged rapidly and soon reached its Golden age. McCarthy (2011, p.58) states that ‘it is hard to imagine a more favourable environment for private organised crime than the period from 1991 until Vladimir Putin became President of the Russian Federation in 1999.’ After becoming a president Putin set a goal to create a strong, efficient government and fight organised crime. Plekhanov (n.d.) notes that while organised crime was still increasing during Putin’s presidency, it was increasing at a lower rate. Volkov (2013) argues that nowadays Russian organised crime is practically extinct due to three factors. First, there is a competitive pressure due to a massive increase in private security industry. …

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