A series of forces such as global competition, technology revolution, new competitors, and changing tastes--are creating outcomes that include more uncertainty, more choices, and more complexity. The result is that the organizational winners of today and tomorrow will have to be responsive, smaller, flatter, and oriented toward adding value through people, which employees do not identify with separate departments, but instead interact with whomever they must to get the job done (Dessler).
Instead of the familiar pyramid-shaped organization with its seven or more layers of management, flat organizations with just three or four levels prevail. Many companies have already cut the management layers from a dozen to six or fewer, and therefore the number of managers. As the remaining managers are left with more people to supervise, they are less able to meddle in the work of their subordinates, who thus have more authority.
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