The emperors under the Tokugawa (1603-1868) shogun lived under palace arrest in Kyoto while the Tokugawa themselves had their bakufu or military headquarters in Edo. The Emperor, a direct descendent of the Sun god appointed the shogun's who had the Mandate of Heaven to protect and rule over the Japanese. The Tokugawa shoguns ruled over Japan for nearly 250 years, in a somewhat peaceful reign. However following the expedition led by Commodore Matthew Perry and the subsequent Treaty of Kamagawa in 1854, and the Treaty of Shimoda in 1858, the Tokugawa shoguns had to rethink about the way they were ruling Japan. Both of these treaties were hugely unpopular in Japan. There was a lot of unrest in Japan with the general Japanese feeling discontented that they were so easily defeated at the hands of western barbarians. The independent barons, in particular the ones ruling the domains of Choshu, Satsuma and Tosa slowly broke away: moreover they owned about 80% of the total Japanese land, the Tokugawa only owned 20% directly. …
