Before the Renaissance, everything was governed by the Pope, the Bible, and the Catholic Church. Everything the Pope said was the absolute truth since he was the one who knew God's word. Aristotelian philosophy was the prevailing explanation for everything since it related most to the Bible: the Earth was the center of the universe, and the heavens were perfect, and everything besides Earth was made of ether. The only forms of science present at that time were alchemy and astrology. Even then, the two sciences still stayed within the limits of the Catholic Church.
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